the vogla don and ural rivers follow though whitch country

The vogla don and ural rivers follow though whitch country software#

Previous quantitative assessments of erosion rates for the entire area of the Russian Plain were undertaken in the 1980s. Water erosion is the main land degradation factor within the Russian Plain. The Russian Plain (within the Russian Federation) occupies an area of approximately 3.5 x 106 km2. As a result of using this set of methods, the spatial and temporal features of the development of modern erosion-accumulation processes on the slopes of the river basins of the southern half of the East European Plain within the borders of the Russian Federation - the territory that is the main agricultural area of the country - are identified and quantitatively characterized. Multi-scale studies were conducted using a set of modern methods for quantifying the rates of sheet and rill erosion, determining the linear, areal and volumetric growth of gullies, interpretation of high-resolution satellite images and GIS-mapping. The monograph is devoted to the analysis of trends in the rates of erosion processes on the agricultural lands of the south of the forest, forest-steppe and steppe zones of the European territory of Russia from the beginning of the 1960s to the present. The average number of dry days at both thresholds decreased in the Western and Southeastern hydrological regions and increased in the Central hydrological region comparing two subperiods. In 1961–1990, trends in 30Q data were significantly positive, and positive in most investigated rivers of the Western and Central hydrological regions. In general, the 30Q values in the periods 1961–20–2020 had no trends. km2) and the lowest in the Central hydrological region (1.47 L/s.The highest specific indices of 30Q were estimated in the Southeastern hydrological region (3.97 L/s

The vogla don and ural rivers follow though whitch country software#

Differences in low-flow indices in separate hydrological regions and over different periods (1961–2020, 1961–1990, 1991–2020) were analyzed, applying the HydroOffice tool, the TREND software package, and mapping using the Kriging interpolation. This study aimed to assess the patterns of low-flow changes in different hydrological regions of Lithuania using selected hydrological indices (the annual minimum 30-day flow (m3 s−1) of the warm period-30Q), its duration, and deficit volume (below the 80th and 95th percentile flow: 30Q80 and 30Q95). Despite the increase in precipitation, the role of evaporation in the water balance of the Volga basin will only increase.Īt the beginning of the 21st century, ongoing climate change led to research into extreme streamflow phenomena. The Volga winter runoff increased by 17% and 28% under global warming by 1.5 ☌ and 2 ☌, respectively, and negative runoff anomalies during the spring flood and the summer–autumn period turned out to be in the range of 21 to 23%. The largest relative decrease in runoff by 17–20% was noted for the Oka and Upper Volga rivers, while the Kama River had only a 1–5% decrease. The estimation of flow anomalies of the Volga River and its major tributaries showed a decrease in annual runoff by 10–11% relative to the period from 1970 to 1999. The physical and mathematical model of runoff generation ECOMAG (ECOlogical Model for Applied Geophysics) was applied in calculations using data from global climate models (GCMs). The purpose of this study was to obtain physically based results of changes in the water regime of the Volga basin rivers under global warming by 1.5 ☌ and 2 ☌ relative to pre-industrial values. The idea of the research to assess the impact of 1.5 ☌ and 2 ☌ global warming in the 21st century on the runoff formation in the Volga basin corresponds to the Paris agreement on climate change 2016 with the main goal to keep the global air temperature rise to below 2 ☌ relative to the pre-industrial level and to take measures to limit warming to 1.5 ☌ by the end of the 21st century.